Globalisation Class 12 Political Science Chapter 7 CBSE Notes 2025-26

Globalisation is a central theme in contemporary world politics, reflecting how people's lives in different countries have become increasingly interconnected. This phenomenon can be seen through the movement of goods, services, ideas, and people across borders. For example, an Indian call centre employee adapting to foreign clients, a cycle made in China being sold in India, or women taking up new employment opportunities are all everyday expressions of globalisation.

Meaning and Dimensions of Globalisation Globalisation means the worldwide interconnectedness created by the flows of ideas, capital, goods, services, and people. It is not just an economic process but also involves political and cultural aspects. These different dimensions may not always have uniform effects; globalisation can affect different regions, countries, and social groups in varying ways.

Key Features and Examples Multiple real-life examples show that globalisation is not always positive. While some benefit from new opportunities or improved trade, others lose jobs or face social pressures due to rapid cultural changes. India's retail sector, for instance, fears the loss of local livelihoods if big international chains enter the market. At the same time, exposure to international products and media influences everything from the goods people buy to the clothes they wear.

Causes of Globalisation There is nothing entirely new about global flows, but what sets contemporary globalisation apart is the scale and speed. Technology is a key driver — inventions like the telegraph, telephone, microchips, and modern communication technology enable faster and larger-scale movement of everything from information to goods. Improved means of transport and advances in banking and finance further accelerate global connections.

Globalisation does not depend on technology alone. Increased global awareness — knowing that actions in one country can have ripple effects worldwide — also plays a role. Events such as pandemics or financial crises spread their impact rapidly, illustrating this growing interconnectedness.

Political Consequences Globalisation affects the role of the state. In many countries, governments have reduced their involvement in economic and welfare activities, letting markets play a bigger role. There is concern that this may reduce the state’s ability to ensure social and economic well-being. However, states can also become stronger using new technologies to gather information and manage law and order. The primacy of the state remains important in world politics despite global trends.

Economic Consequences Economic globalisation usually refers to greater worldwide trade and financial flows. International institutions like the IMF and WTO, as well as multinational companies, influence economic policies across countries. This leads to reduced barriers to trade and easier flow of capital and goods. A key debate is about the distribution of benefits: while some groups gain, others feel left out or suffer from increased competition.

Supporters claim globalisation brings faster growth and prosperity for many, as economies can focus on their strengths. Critics point to increased inequalities, loss of jobs in weaker sectors, or reduced government protection for vulnerable groups. Many stress the need for social safety nets or safeguards for those negatively impacted.

Cultural Consequences Globalisation’s cultural impact is evident in lifestyle, food, clothes, and entertainment. Some worry it leads to “cultural homogenisation” — the spread of a uniform culture, often resembling Western or American traditions. For example, fast food or jeans become popular globally. This is sometimes seen as a threat to unique local cultures, traditions, and values.

However, cultures are dynamic and can integrate outside influences in creative ways. Globalisation can also encourage “cultural heterogenisation,” making cultures more diverse and unique by mixing traditions. For example, blue jeans paired with a khadi kurta combine global and Indian styles, reflecting how influences can be adapted locally.

India and Globalisation India has a long history of global connections, dating back to ancient trade and colonial times. During colonial rule, India’s economy became focused on raw material exports and import of manufactured goods, leading to protectionist policies after independence. These restrictive policies limited economic growth in certain sectors.

In 1991, India adopted economic reforms to open its economy, encourage foreign investment, and embrace global markets. This phase of liberalisation has led to growth but also raised questions about equitable distribution of benefits. India’s participation in the global economy now includes technology services, manufacturing, and a growing influence in international forums.

Resistance and Criticism of Globalisation Globalisation is often met with criticism. Some feel it increases the gap between the rich and poor, erodes state power, and threatens cultural identity. Left-wing critics highlight global capitalism’s negative effects on vulnerable groups, while the right often raises concerns about social values and calls for self-reliance.

Global anti-globalisation movements link activists across nations, often supporting fairer trade and more equitable systems rather than rejecting globalisation altogether. The World Social Forum, for example, brings together activists opposing neoliberal policies. Resistance in India has come from both left and right, ranging from economic protests to cultural campaigns against western influences.

Classroom and Social Reflection Schools and communities are encouraged to reflect on how globalisation influences their daily lives — from consumer choices to cultural preferences. Activities such as listing products, tracking media consumption, and researching their origins can help understand how global and local connect. These reflections also foster awareness of challenges faced by small producers or the decline of traditional industries.

Exercises and Critical Thinking Students are encouraged to critically assess statements and questions on globalisation. Some key revision points include:

• Globalisation is multi-dimensional, not purely economic.
• Impacts are uneven and context-specific.
• Technology accelerates global flows and connections.
• Services, commodities, ideas, and people all form part of globalisation.
• Cultural influence can result in both homogenisation and heterogenisation.

The overall message of the chapter is to recognise globalisation as a complex and evolving phenomenon, with wide-ranging effects on states, societies, economies, and cultures. Being aware of both benefits and challenges is essential for making informed decisions as citizens in a global world.

Class 12 Political Science Chapter 7 Notes – Globalisation: Contemporary World Politics Key Revision Points

These concise revision notes focus on Globalisation from CBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 7, highlighting major causes, effects, and debates. Covering political, economic, and cultural aspects, the notes help students understand both the opportunities and challenges brought by global interconnections.

You’ll find clear points on how technology, cross-border trade, and cultural exchange shape everyday life. By studying these contemporary world politics notes, students can easily revise important facts and critical viewpoints for their exams and class discussions.