NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Geography Chapter 8 International Trade

1. Choose the right answers of the following from the given options.

(i) Trade between two countries is termed as:

• a. Internal trade

• b. External trade

• c. International trade

• d. Local trade
  
  

Ans. (c) International trade

(ii) Which one of the following is a land locked harbour?

• a. Vishakhapatnam

• b. Mumbai

• c. Ennor

• d. Haldia
  
  

Ans. (a) Vishakhapatnam

(iii) Most of India’s foreign trade is carried through:

• a. Land and sea

• b. Land and air

• c. Sea and air

• d. Sea
  
  

Ans. (c) Sea and air

2. Answer the following questions in about 30 words.

(i) Mention the characteristics of India’s foreign trade.

India’s foreign trade has grown over time, with imports typically exceeding exports, causing a trade deficit—especially due to costly crude oil imports. The proportion of primary products in exports has declined, while petroleum and manufactured goods now form a larger part of trade.

(ii) Distinguish between port and harbour.

(iii) Explain the meaning of hinterland.

A hinterland is the inland region served by a port. Goods from this area are exported via the port, and imports are distributed here. For instance, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and Jharkhand are part of Kolkata port’s hinterland.

(iv) Name important items which India imports from different countries.

India mainly imports crude oil, food items, fertilizers, chemicals, machinery, paper, pearls, precious stones, gold, and silver from various countries.

(v) Name the ports of India located on the east coast.

The major east coast ports of India include Kolkata, Haldia, Paradip, Vishakhapatnam, Ennore, Chennai, and Tuticorin.

3. Answer the following questions in about 150 words.

(i) Describe the composition of export and import trade of India.

Exports: Over time, the proportion of agricultural products in India’s exports has reduced, with traditional exports like tea, coffee, and spices decreasing. Petroleum products have gained importance due to rising oil prices and improved refining capabilities. The share of minerals and manufactured goods remains stable, while exports of fruits, seafood, and sugar have increased. Engineering goods now form the biggest portion of exports.

Imports: In earlier decades, food grains dominated imports due to domestic shortages, but after the Green Revolution, their import reduced. Today, petroleum, fertilizers, machinery, specialized steel, chemicals, and edible oils are key imports. Capital goods, such as industrial equipment and transport machinery, have also seen a rise, reflecting growing industrialization and improved living standards. Imports of precious metals and special steel alloys continue to be significant.

(ii) Write a note on the changing nature of the international trade of India.

India has taken major steps to enhance its participation in global trade, such as lowering import duties, relaxing regulations, and adopting product patent laws. The country trades widely, especially with Asia and Oceania, which together account for nearly half its exports. Europe and America are also significant partners.

India’s exports are shifting toward services and information technology, with software and knowledge-based products playing a vital role in earning foreign exchange. Tourism also contributes to trade. However, the country faces challenges in expanding exports due to slow production growth, higher domestic consumption, and stronger international competition.

Why NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Geography Chapter 8 International Trade are Essential

Mastering International Trade opens doors to understanding how economies connect globally. With NCERT solutions, students can clarify tough concepts and prepare confidently for the 2025-26 exams.

The chapter gives insight into trade systems, regional blocs, and world organizations, building a strong foundation in economic geography. Regular revision ensures conceptual clarity and boosts retention for scoring higher marks.

Practice with chapter-wise solutions sharpens your exam strategy. Focus on key terms like balance of trade, trading blocs, and port types for quick revision before your Geography board exams.